Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that only occurs during pregnancy. It occurs when the body cannot produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This happens because, during pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that make it harder for insulin to be used. This imbalance can lead to high blood glucose levels, a condition called hyperglycemia ( Sanofi Diabetes )( Ameli ).
Why is it important? Untreated gestational diabetes can pose risks to both mother and baby, but proper management helps prevent complications.
How is it diagnosed? Between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy, a blood sugar test is usually offered to all pregnant women to detect gestational diabetes.
Some women are more likely to develop gestational diabetes than others because of certain risk factors.
The main risk factors are:
Being overweight or obese in early pregnancy.
Be over 35 years old at the time of pregnancy.
A family history of type 2 diabetes.
Have already had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy ( Sanofi Diabetes ) ( Ameli ).
Can these risks be prevented? Eating a balanced diet and staying active can help reduce the risks, although some factors, such as age or family history, cannot be changed.
Gestational diabetes is often asymptomatic, meaning there are not always visible signs. However, some symptoms may appear, such as:
Excessive thirst.
Frequent urination.
Unusual fatigue ( Sanofi Diabetes ).
These symptoms often resemble those of a normal pregnancy, which is why systematic screening is important.
Uncontrolled gestational diabetes can have several effects on the baby. Excess glucose in the mother's blood can cross the placenta, causing the baby to grow too much, a condition called macrosomia . This can make delivery difficult and increase the risk of cesarean section ( Ameli )
After birth, some babies may have hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) because they produce too much insulin to handle the sugar they were getting during pregnancy.
Good to know: Babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes also have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Treatment of gestational diabetes is based on several pillars:
Blood sugar monitoring : Measure blood sugar levels several times a day.
Balanced diet : Limit fast sugars and favor foods rich in fiber.
Physical exercise : Regular physical activity helps maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Medications : If diet and exercise are not enough to control blood sugar, insulin may be prescribed ( Buoy Health ) ( Ameli ).
It is not always possible to prevent gestational diabetes, but there are things you can do to help reduce your risk. For example:
Maintain a healthy weight before getting pregnant.
Adopt a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber.
Exercise regularly .
These measures can improve insulin sensitivity and help control blood sugar levels.
If gestational diabetes is not well managed, it can increase risks for the mother, including:
High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia).
An increased risk of cesarean section.
A risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy ( Sanofi Diabetes ) ( Ameli ).
Did you know? Medical monitoring can reduce these risks by adjusting treatments and closely monitoring the mother and baby.
In most cases, gestational diabetes disappears after delivery. However, women who have had gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels after delivery is therefore recommended.
( Sanofi Diabetes )
Pregnant women with type 1 or 2 diabetes should be especially vigilant, as they are at increased risk of complications.
This includes:
A higher risk of miscarriage.
Congenital malformations in the baby, especially if diabetes is poorly controlled at the start of pregnancy ( Diabetes Quebec ).
Careful control of blood sugar is essential to reduce these risks.
A balanced diet is essential for pregnant women with diabetes. Here are some tips:
Favor complex carbohydrates : Opt for whole grains and legumes which help stabilize blood sugar levels.
Avoid fast sugars : Limit sweets, sugary drinks and desserts.
Eat regularly : Small, frequent meals help maintain stable blood sugar levels ( Diabetes Quebec ).
Following up with a dietitian can help personalize a suitable meal plan.